Saturday, December 31, 2016

What I've Read/Listened To In 2016

I've done this in the past, and after reading Stuart McMillian's list, I thought it would be nice to jot down some of the books, podcasts, research I've really enjoyed in 2016. 

Hope you enjoy!


Books

Planned For 2017
I have the following books laying around and haven't gotten around to them yet or they are on my Amazon wishlist.  


Podcasts

  • Elite Performance Podcast - Us at BBA! (Selfish Plug :) 
  • Perception & Action Podcast - Rob Gray
  • The EntrelLeadership Podcast - Ken Coleman
  • Historic Performance Podcast - James Darly
  • Ted Radio Hour
  • Tell Me Something I Don't Know - Stephen Dubner

Top Research

  • Van Hooren, B., & Bosch, F. (2016). Influence of Muscle Slack on High-Intensity Sport Performance: A Review. Strength & Conditioning Journal38(5), 75-87.
  • Nimphius, S., Callaghan, S. J., Sptieri, T., & Lockie, R. G. (2016). Change of direction deficit: A more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time. J. Strength Cond. Res.
  • Rumpf, M. C., Lockie, R. G., Cronin, J. B., & Jalilvand, F. (2016). Effect of Different Sprint Training Methods on Sprint Performance Over Various Distances: A Brief Review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research30(6), 1767-1785.
  • Petrakos, G., Morin, J. B., & Egan, B. (2016). Resisted Sled Sprint Training to Improve Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine46(3), 381-400.
  • Morin, J. B., & Samozino, P. (2016). Interpreting Power-Force-Velocity Profiles for Individualized and Specific Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance11(2).
  • ​Gabbett, T. J. (2016). The training—injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder?. British journal of sports medicine,50(5), 273-280.
  • Rhea, M. R., Kenn, J. G., Peterson, M. D., Massey, D., Simão, R., Marin, P. J., ... & Krein, D. (2016). Joint-Angle Specific Strength Adaptations Influence Improvements in Power in Highly Trained Athletes. Human Movement17(1), 43-49.
  • de Hoyo, M., Sañudo, B., Carrasco, L., Mateo-Cortes, J., Domínguez-Cobo, S., Fernandes, O., ... & Gonzalo-Skok, O. (2016). Effects of 10-week eccentric overload training on kinetic parameters during change of direction in football players. Journal of sports sciences34(14), 1380-1387.
  • de Hoyo, M., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Sañudo, B., Carrascal, C., Plaza-Armas, J. R., Camacho-Candil, F., & Otero-Esquina, C. (2016). Comparative Effects of In-Season Full-Back Squat, Resisted Sprint Training, and Plyometric Training on Explosive Performance in U-19 Elite Soccer Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research30(2), 368-377.
  • ​Van Hooren, B., & Bosch, F. (2016). Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? part I: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-9.
  • Van Hooren, B., & Bosch, F. (2016). Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? Part II: Implications for exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-12.
  • Hausler, J., Halaki, M., & Orr, R. (2016). Application of Global Positioning System and Microsensor Technology in Competitive Rugby League Match-Play: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine46(4), 559-588.
  • Lamela, D., Sachandani, K., Hubble, K., & Keenan, K. (2015). MEASUREMENT OF LEVEL OF BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS IN NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS. The FASEB Journal29(1 Supplement), 559-25.

Monday, December 26, 2016

Elite Performance Podcast #12 - Dr. Ken Clark:Speed Science

Dr. Clark is a professor at West Chester University in Pennsylvania and is a foremost expert in speed research and we talked all about speed on the podcast.
Everything from his research with Dr. Peter Weyand, difference in mechanics between Elte vs Non-Elite athletes, what makes a great accelerator, what makes a great top-end sprinter, what the research has to say on sleds/resisted sprinting, where the role of strength applies in speed development, and much more.

Favorite Quotes

  • "Great acceleration is marked by posture, piston like leg action, stiff contact, and front side dominant mechanics.
  • "There is still a lot we don't know with sled or resisted sprinting - but heavier may be better for acceleration"
  • "Assisted or over-speed sprinting may be the new frontier in sprint performance, especially with tools like the Sprint 1080"
  • "No plyo or lift in the weight room can simulate the GCT and forces seen in top-end sprinting"
  • "Once you hit a certain strength standard, you see dimishing returns on continuing to push max strength development"
  • "We've started to use a compete-technique-compete format in our speed and agility training"

Books


Social Media

  • Twitter - @KenClarkSpeed
  • Facebook - Ken Clark

Tuesday, December 20, 2016

Elite Performance Podcast #10: Jeremy Frisch - Youth Speed Demons

Jeremy Frisch is the owner of Achieve Performance in Clinton, Mass. Achieve Performance caters to athletes ranging from young athletes (6-7 y.o.) to college athletes to adult athletes. Before opening Achieve Performance, Jeremy spent time as a Strength and Conditioning Coach at Holy Cross working primarily with the basketball team. 


Jeremy's youth program - Speed Demons - is a wonderful youth training program and the things he does with his youth athletes are amazing and very important given the nature of our youth/adolscent population. So we talked about his goals when working with youth athletes and where he derives many of his philosophies for working with young athletes. We also discuss some of the fun tools he uses with his young athletes such as mini trampolines, obstacles, gymnastic mats, balance beams, rings, etc.
Since Jeremy is a business owner, we also discuss life of a gym owner and the pros and cons of owning a gym. He talked about some of the hidden things that go into owning a business and some traps young gym owners probably fall trap to.


Finally we talked about a topic close to both of our hearts - Division III athletics and some of the misconceptions about playing sports at the DIII level.


This was one of my favorite talks and Jeremy keeps it real and puts things into perspective during this great episode.


Books


Social Media

  • Facebook - Jeremy Frisch
  • Instagram - @Achieve_Performance
  • Twitter - @JeremyFrisch

Wednesday, December 14, 2016

Elite Performance Podcast 9b - Sean Casey: Addressing Athlete Nutrition

This is Part 2 of a 2 Part Series

​Sean is the co-owner of Dietetic Advantage, owner of CasePerformance, and a physical preparation coach at UW-Health in Madison, WI.
Sean is a CSCS and also an RD, and in this episode Sean and I discuss all things nutrition.  We talked about how he approaches nutritional interventions with athletes, 3 of the biggest mistakes athletes make in their diet, and why he decided to start his own supplement company and what he hopes to achieve with his supplement line.
All in all, this is a wonderful podcast for coaches to get great in-sight on all things nutrition and supplementation. 


Books
Social Media
  • Website - www.dieteticadvantage.com
  • Facebook - Sean Casey or Dietetic Advantage
  • Twitter - @dieteticadv
  • Instagram - @dieteticadvantage
Dietetic Advantage Products


Tuesday, December 6, 2016

Elite Performance Podcast Episode 9a - Sean Casey: Supplementation

This is Part 1 of a 2 Part Series

​Sean is the co-owner of Dietetic Advantage, owner of CasePerformance, and a physical preparation coach at UW-Health in Madison, WI.
Sean is a CSCS and also an RD, and in this episode Sean and I discuss all things nutrition.  I ask him about 10 popular supplements and he gives his thoughts about the effectiveness and efficacy of each.  We then talk about how he approaches nutritional interventions with athletes, 3 of the biggest mistakes athletes make in their diet, and why he decided to start his own supplement company and what he hopes to achieve with his supplement line.
All in all, this is a wonderful podcast for coaches to get great in-sight on all things nutrition and supplementation. 


Books
Social Media
  • Website - www.dieteticadvantage.com
  • Facebook - Sean Casey or Dietetic Advantage
  • Twitter - @dieteticadv
  • Instagram - @dieteticadvantage


Dietetic Advantage Products

Monday, November 28, 2016

Episode #8 - Matt Gifford: Speed Mafia

Matt is a Performance Coach at NXLevel Athletics (Home of JJ Watt) in Waukesha, WI.  Matt is known for his knowledge and ability to develop speed, and in this episode we discuss all things speed - from what he see's as the biggest mistakes in acceleration, max velocity, some of his favorite speed progressions, and how to use cueing and imagery through external cueing.
Matt also discusses how he uses his assessment/evaluation as a starting point with his athletes, and some of the aspects he pulls away from this assessment to transfer to a smarter, more specific training program. Finally, Matt discusses some of the biggest influences in his coaching career and who he follows to continue to sharpen his coaching sword.
Matt brings a unique ability to transfer many principles from track and field and make them applicable for team sport athletes.  Come learn many of the technical and mechanical needs to develop and harness speed in your athletes!

​Books

Social Media
  • ​www.altis.world
  • www.mcmillianspeed.com
  • www.coachgiff.com
  • Twitter - @GiffUsStrength
  • Instagram - @GiffUsStrength
  • Facebook - Matt Gifford






Donate

Thursday, November 17, 2016

Squat Science

The squat, a movement that most believe is a fundamental pattern to humans; a movement that we should strive to train and maintain for performance and just general wellness.

It is also a topic of much debate when it comes to HOW to perform a squat...

  • What stance?
  • What width?
  • What toe angle?
  • What bar position?
  • What variation?
  • How deep?

I've worked with close to a thousand athletes and guess what… they all squat differently.  Different stance widths,  different foot positions, different depths, different variation preferences, different bar positions, etc.  

I'm tired of hearing athletes being told they MUST squat a certain way or there is only ONE way to squat… that is rubbish and certainly isn't rooted in science. 

Let's think about this - do you really think someone 6'6 should squat the same as someone 5'2?  Should someone with long femurs and a short torso squat the same as someone with short femurs and a long torso?  Should someone with retroverted hips squat the same as someone with anteverted hips?

If I have a group of 20 athletes and had them all squat with a stance of their preference, to a depth they felt comfortable, with a toe angle that allows the most freedom - you know what I'd find?  20 different squats with different widths, foot angles, depths, trunk angles, etc.  

So why do coaches, PT's still try to jam a square peg into a round hole by thinking there is only one way for people to squat?  You NEED to squat with toes forward, in a shoulder-width stance, to a parallel depth!

Now I'm a man of science, not just anecdotal evidence, so let's see what some of the literature on anatomy and skeletal structure of the hips says and how this may effect the squat

  • The femoral neck/head isn't the same in every person.  Zalawadia et al (2010) demonstrated that as much as 24-degrees difference in anteversion and retroversion is common.  Zalawadia also noted that these differences of anteversion and retroversion can differ from side to side - not all hips are symmetrical!  
With sooo much potential variation is peoples hips, not to mention potential side to side difference in the same person - you still think everybody's squat should look EXACTLY the same?  Femoral and acetabulum structure will play the main role in ones ability to squat in certain positions to certain depths - NOT a universal preference made up by some person. 
  • Laborie et al (2012) noted that anteversion and retroversion isn't strictly contained to the femoral head, it can also be present in the acetabulum.  They looked at  over 2000 samples of centre-edge angles of the acetabulum  and found angles differed from 20.8-45 degrees
Again, how can we expect someone with a 20.8-degree anteversion to squat the same as someone with a 45-degree retroversion?
  • Knutson (2005) looked at leg length, and found that about 90% people have a discrepancy with the average difference of about half a centimeter.
  • Flanagan  & Salem (2007) examined different kinetic variables in the squat of 18 experienced lifters. They looked at many things including average joint moments at the hip/knee/ankle, ground reaction forces in each foot, center of pressure for each foot, and maximum flexion angle at the knee/hip/ankle. They found many things (some statistically significant, others not) including side to side differences in center of pressure, ground reaction forces, and joint moments at the ankle, knee, and hip (especially the hip). The researchers concluded that NOBODY was balanced and every subject demonstrated differences in at least on of the joints (ankle, knee, hip)

It is COMMON that people squat with asymmetries and differences from side to side.  It's normal to have someone feel and perform better with one toe angled out/in, staggered forward/backward,   externally/internally rotated compared to the other.

If pain isn't present - THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH THIS - and it's likely aiding in performance, comfort, and health.  We aren't symmetrical beings and sometimes forcing symmetry may actually be taking someone out of their "neutral".  


Want to see what these differences actually look like?  Check out the below photos and see how these skeletal structures can differ and visualize how they'll dictate an athletes optimal squat.






If we tried to take these people and squat them in a toes forward, shoulder width stance, to parallel, what do you think would happen?

Some would ace the test, while others would fail miserably… why?

Much of it would have to do with this structure - NOT some mobility, stability, strength, motor control dysfunction, but rather something they CANNOT change - their bone structure.

We seem to be in a stage where we see someone whose can't squat deep, or prefers a wide stance, or turns their feet turn out, or has butt wink and we jump all over them with how their "insert joint/muscle" is tight/weak and needs soft-tissue, mobility, or activation work, BUT in many situations, no matter what correctives, or soft-tissue, or crazy mobility you throw at the athlete - they just won't be able to squat in certain positions.

Let's wet our whistle with a little bit more literature

  • Elson and Aspinal (2008) showed what is tremendously obvious for coaches that actually work with people - there are vast differences in range of motion in hip flexion and extension - meaning some people are just better suited for deep hip flexion (deep squat), while this position would cause massive problems for others. 
  • D'Lima et al (200) demonstrated that differences in femoral neck/head thickness (as little as 2mm) could impact hip flexor ROM by 1.5-8.5 degrees.  
  • Lamontagne et al (2009) looked at people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) and squat ability and concluded due to anatomical variations at the hip such as cam or pincer, there are plenty of lifters who will never be able to deep squat with proper form.

So should everybody squat to parallel or ass to grass?  Should everybody have the same stance width and toe angle?

NO!!!

Some have a tendency to squat deep, while others have tendency for hip extension.  If we force them to parallel or ass to grass we may be forcing bone on bone or a hip impingement - not good things.   The only people that NEED to squat to parallel are powerlfiters, it's a requirement of their sport.  As for athletes, there is no rule book that says you have to squat to parallel or beyond - it's not a requirement nor is it going to make or break performance.

Again, ones ability to squat to different depths in different stances can be explained by their skeletal structure - NOT necessarily mobility or soft tissue or strength issues.  It also means trying to say everybody should squat the SAME WAY is a terrible thought process and could actually be causing more harm than good.

Here's a quote from the great Stu McGill, considered the World's foremost expert on spinal health - "The most important matter on all of this is the depth of the hip socket. If people are looking up on the internet, depth of the hip socket and squat ability, they won’t find it. They have to go to the hip dysplasia literature. What they’ll find is that there are groups in the world with very shallow hip sockets (allow greater hip flexion) and some with deep hip sockets (make it difficult for deep hip flexion)."

Even the World's expert says it's structure that dictates deep squat ability, it's NOT some universal standard.

​Insert pictures of strong peeps, lifting heavy things and what do you see?












No identical stance, depth, toe angle, etc. 

​Why again do we try to force people to squat a certain way, to a certain depth?  Coach athletes as individuals. 

Let's look at some more myths that pertain to squatting

Knee's Can't Go Beyond The Toes

Here is another myth is purported in all areas and there’s little evidence to support this claim. The knees passing beyond the toes is not some universal point where all of a sudden the stresses on the knee become dangerous and every point before that is safe. 

You know what's even more?  Artificially restricting or trying to prevent forward movement of the knees may be detrimental to the hips and back. Fry et al (2003) looked at the effect of restricted squats where a wooden board was placed in front of the lifter that didn't allow the knees to track past the toes.  

​What did they find?  

Restricted Squat

As expected, the board restricted setting reduced torque on the knees, but increased torque at the hip and low back.  So you take stress on one joint, only to increase it at another - so pick your poison.  
The researchers concluded, "Exercise technique guidelines should not be based primarily on force characteristics for only one involved joint (e.g., knees) while ignoring other anatomical areas (e.g., hips and low back).”  

Artificially or cueing an athlete to change their natural mechanics may effect the joint being cued, but those forces and torque need to go somewhere.   

While shear forces have been shown to increase in the deep squat position with forward knees, the body can handle them appropriately without risk for injury (Schoenfeld (2010)).   The most thorough review of squat depth on knee pain showed the demands on these tissues in a deep squat are well below the maximum that those tissues can withstand (Hartmann et al (2013)).  THEY AREN'T DANGEROUS!

Plus, every Olympic lifter of all-time, theoretically should have messed up knees and some PT would tell them they're lifting wrong





Squat Stance and Squat Variation

Guess what - the type of squat you use isn't vastly different from each other.  EMG between a front squat and back squat aren't that different and some studies even showing NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE in muscle activities between front and back squats.  (Contreras et al (2016); Gullet et al (2009)).  In general, the front squat will lead to slightly more quad activation and thoracic extension strength; while back squat slightly more glute/hamstring activation, but again, the EMG difference between the two isn't likely a good reason for choosing one over the other.

How about wide stance vs narrow stance?

Wide stance squats tends to activate greater adductor and glute compared to narrow squat, with no difference between quad activation (Escamilla et al. (2001); Paoli et al (2009); Steven & Donald (1999)).  Swinton et al (2012) recently demonstrated exactly this as the researchers showed EMG results for glute activation were significantly higher in a wide stance compared to a narrow stance.  These EMG results also showed that quadricep activation between the stances were identical - concluding, muscle activation wise, a narrow stance isn't superior to a wide stance.

How about toe angle or hip angle?

Ninos et al. (1997) found no difference in vastus medialis activation between barbell back squats with two different hip rotation angles (feet pointing outwards vs. feet pointing forwards).  While, Pereira et al (2010) found externally rotating the hip to 30 and 50-degrees resulted in greater hip adductor activation with no change in rectus femoris activation, leading the researchers to conclude that squatting to 60-90 degrees of knee flexion with 30 degrees of external rotation maximized muscle activation.

Again, there is NO LITERATURE supporting the NEED to squat with toes forward! Rather than squatting with your toes forward or pointed out to a predetermined degree and forcing your knees and hips to follow along, you’re better off seeing what hip and knee position feels the strongest and most comfortable, and letting that determine how far out you point your feet (Nuckols (2016))

In a great review of all the variables that effect muscle activation of a loaded back squat, Clark et al (2012) concluded, research of common variations such as stance width, hip rotation, and front squat do not significantly affect muscle activation.  Turning the toes out, however, only changes the activation of the adductor muscle group. The glutes and quads (the main movers in the squat) are not significantly activated to a greater extent by any of the variables (Clark at el (2012)).

So we've seen, specific squat variations - wide, narrow, toes forward, toes out, depth - aren't make a break factors when it comes to muscle activation, joint stress, or performance.

So again, why would be ever think there is only one way to squat and what would make this way superior?  The fact is, there isn't a single strategy to squat and instead should be dictated upon by the individuals unique skeletal structure, limb lengths, past injury history, mobility/stability factors, and biomechanics.

Here's just a small list of things that influence squat mechanics 

  • Foot Wear (elevated heel vs flat heel)
  • Long Tibia vs Short Femur
  • Short Tibia vs Long Femur
  • Short Femur vs Long Torso
  • Long Femur vs Short Torso
  • Body Mass
  • Stance Width
  • Toe Angle
  • Foot Size (Length)
  • Cueing
  • Anterior vs Posterior Chain Strength
  • Specific Joint Mobility and Stability Strengths and Weaknesses
  • Bar Position

Linked below is a really cool that demonstrates how different body part lengths, stance width, bar positioning, etc effect the outcome of a squat will look like - again it's basic biomechanics - http://mysquatmechanics.com

Here are some pictures of how simply changing levers, stance width, ankle mobility, and bar position effect the end look of a squat










All-In-All

The goal of this article is to demonstrate there is no universal way to squat and we need to work to allow and find our athletes optimal way to squat based on their individual anatomy, levers, mobility/stability needs, past injury history, etc - and NOT try to pigeon-hole everybody into a certain way of squatting.

Please share this with anybody you think would benefit and let's stop the squat stupidity from spreading. 


 PS - Below are some squat assessment videos on what we might use to assess our athletes to find their best squatting stance. 















References:

 Clark, D. R., Lambert, M. I., & Hunter, A. M. (2012). Muscle activation in the loaded free barbell squat: a brief review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research26(4), 1169-1178.

Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. (2016). A comparison of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis electromyography amplitude in the parallel, full, and front squat variations in resistance-trained females. 
Journal of applied biomechanics32(1), 16-22.

Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Lowry, T. M., Barrentine, S. W., & Andrews, J. R. (2001). A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths. Medicine and science in sports and exercise33(6), 984-998.

Flanagan, S. P., & Salem, G. J. (2007). BILATERAL DIFFERENCES IN THE NET JOINT TORQUES DURING THE SQUAT EXERCIS. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1220-1226.

Gullett, J. C., Tillman, M. D., Gutierrez, G. M., & Chow, J. W. (2009). A biomechanical comparison of back and front squats in healthy trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research23(1), 284-292.


Hartmann, H., Wirth, K., & Klusemann, M. (2013). Analysis of the load on the knee joint and vertebral column with changes in squatting depth and weight load. Sports medicine43(10), 993-1008.

Knutson, G. A. (2005). Anatomic and functional leg-length inequality: a review and recommendation for clinical decision-making. Part I, anatomic leg-length inequality: prevalence, magnitude, effects and clinical significance. Chiropractic & osteopathy, 13(1), 1.

Lamontagne, M., Kennedy, M. J., & Beaulé, P. E. (2009). The effect of cam FAI on hip and pelvic motion during maximum squat. Clinical orthopaedics and related research467(3), 645-650.

Ninos, J. C., Irrgang, J. J., Burdett, R., & Weiss, J. R. (1997). Electromyographic analysis of the squat performed in self-selected lower extremity neutral rotation and 30 of lower extremity turn-out from the self-selected neutral position. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy25(5), 307-315.

Nuckols, Greg.  http://strengtheory.com/how-to-squat/. 2016

Paoli, A., Marcolin, G., & Petrone, N. (2009). The effect of stance width on the electromyographical activity of eight superficial thigh muscles during back squat with different bar loads. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research23(1), 246-250.

Pereira, G. R., Leporace, G., das Virgens Chagas, D., Furtado, L. F., Praxedes, J., & Batista, L. A. (2010). Influence of hip external rotation on hip adductor and rectus femoris myoelectric activity during a dynamic parallel squat. 
The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research24(10), 2749-2754.

Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research24(12), 3497-3506.

Steven, T. M., & Donald, R. M. (1999). Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat. Med Sci Sports Exerc31, 428-436.

Swinton PA, et al (2012) A Biomechanical Comparison of the Traditional Squat, Powerlifting Squat, and Box Squat. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 26(7):1805–16
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